Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has released a consultation paper proposing a new regulatory and licensing framework for Satellite Communication Networks (SCNs), marking a significant step toward strengthening India’s satellite-based connectivity ecosystem. The initiative aligns with the Telecommunications Act, 2023 and aims to streamline authorisation, spectrum assignment, and service delivery models for satellite communication providers.
Defining eligibility, scope, and authorisation framework
TRAI is seeking stakeholder inputs on the foundational aspects of SCN authorisation, including eligibility criteria, geographical scope, validity period, and operational boundaries under Section 3(1)(b) of the Telecommunications Act, 2023. The regulator is also examining what entities should qualify for SCN authorisation and how these entities can integrate satellite infrastructure into India’s broader telecom framework.
The consultation highlights the need for a clear definition of the scope of services that SCN providers can deliver, ensuring alignment with national connectivity goals, especially in underserved and remote regions.
Operational, technical, and security conditions under review
A key focus of the consultation is establishing robust terms and conditions governing SCN operations. TRAI is evaluating technical standards, operational guidelines, and security frameworks that authorised entities must comply with. These include requirements related to network reliability, lawful interception, data security, and coordination with terrestrial telecom networks.
The telecom regulator is exploring whether SCN operators should provide partnering telecom entities with control, visibility, and resource management capabilities for services delivered through satellite networks, ensuring transparency and operational efficiency.
Satellite Communication Network-as-a-Service (SCNaaS) model
TRAI’s consultation introduces the concept of Satellite Communication Network-as-a-Service (SCNaaS), enabling authorised SCN providers to offer satellite infrastructure services to other licensed telecom entities. The paper seeks clarity on which categories of service providers, including virtual network operators, should be permitted to access SCNaaS.
The framework could open new business models, allowing telecom operators to leverage satellite capacity without direct infrastructure investments, thereby accelerating service rollout in challenging geographies.
Interconnection, agreements, and regulatory alignment
The consultation also addresses the need for structured interconnection frameworks between SCN providers and existing telecom service providers. TRAI is evaluating whether a standardized reference agreement should be mandated, outlining key provisions such as service levels, pricing mechanisms, dispute resolution, and compliance obligations.
This aligns with ongoing regulatory reviews, including TRAI’s earlier consultation on interconnection norms, ensuring a harmonized approach across satellite and terrestrial networks.
Expanding service scope: FSS, MSS, and Direct-to-Device
TRAI is considering the range of services that can be delivered through SCNs, including:
Fixed Satellite Services (FSS)
Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)
Direct-to-Device (D2D) satellite services using MSS spectrum
D2D services using IMT spectrum
The inclusion of Direct-to-Device services reflects growing global interest in satellite-enabled mobile connectivity, allowing devices to connect directly to satellites without ground infrastructure.
TRAI is evaluating whether D2D services using IMT spectrum should be introduced immediately or deferred until global regulatory clarity emerges from the World Radiocommunication Conference 2027 (WRC-2027).
Spectrum assignment framework for satellite communications
The consultation places strong emphasis on spectrum management policies for SCN operators. TRAI is examining whether its earlier recommendations on satellite spectrum assignment, issued on May 9, 2025, should be extended to SCN authorised entities with suitable modifications.
Key considerations include:
Administrative assignment of spectrum for NGSO and GSO systems
Policy alignment for Fixed Satellite Services and Mobile Satellite Services
Eligibility conditions for spectrum allocation
Mechanisms for spectrum sharing between SCN providers and telecom operators
The regulator is also exploring frameworks that would allow SCN providers to utilize spectrum assigned to telecom operators under mutually agreed arrangements, particularly for delivering SCNaaS.
Regulatory framework for D2D and interference management
Ensuring interference-free operation is a critical priority, especially for D2D services using IMT spectrum. TRAI is evaluating multiple regulatory approaches, including requiring a single telecom operator with nationwide spectrum holdings or allowing multiple operators to collectively enable satellite-based D2D services.
Additionally, the consultation seeks inputs on policy frameworks for satellite-based D2D services operating in MSS frequency bands such as L-band and S-band, focusing on coexistence, coordination, and regulatory oversight.
Spectrum pricing and AGR considerations
TRAI is also examining the financial aspects of SCN operations, particularly spectrum charges. The consultation asks whether spectrum pricing should follow the Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR)-based model and what revenue components should be included or excluded in such calculations.
This will play a crucial role in determining the economic viability of satellite communication services and attracting investments into India’s growing space-tech and telecom convergence sector.
Driving India’s satellite connectivity future
TRAI’s consultation paper signals a major policy push to integrate satellite communications into India’s digital infrastructure. By addressing licensing, spectrum allocation, service delivery, and emerging technologies like Direct-to-Device connectivity, the regulator aims to create a forward-looking framework that supports innovation, competition, and nationwide connectivity.
SHAFANA FAZAL